{"id":1003,"date":"2026-07-06T03:37:54","date_gmt":"2026-07-06T03:37:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tingriley.com\/?p=1003"},"modified":"2026-07-06T13:38:20","modified_gmt":"2026-07-06T13:38:20","slug":"ineffective-learning-methods","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tingriley.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/06\/ineffective-learning-methods\/","title":{"rendered":"\u7121\u6548\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\u65b9\u6cd5&#8211;\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u3001\u756b\u91cd\u9ede"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e09\u5927\u4f4e\u6548\u8b80\u66f8\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f60\u4e2d\u4e86\u5e7e\u500b\u5462?<br>1. \u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18<br>2. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede<br>3. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80<br>\u4e00\u8d77\u4f86\u770b\u5e7e\u500b\u7d93\u5178\u7814\u7a76\u5427<br><br>\u4e00\u30012013 \u5e74\u7d93\u5178\u7814\u7a76\uff1aDunlosky \u7684\u7d9c\u5408\u8a55\u4f30 [1]<br>\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u5b78\u7fd2\u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u6700\u5e38\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6587\u737b\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5b83\u91dd\u5c0d\u7576\u6642\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u5341\u7a2e\u5b78\u7fd2\u65b9\u6cd5\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u56de\u9867\u3002<br>\u8a72\u7814\u7a76\u65e8\u5728\u8a55\u4f30 10 \u7a2e\u5e38\u898b\u5b78\u7fd2\u7b56\u7565\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u300c\u901a\u7528\u6027\uff08Generalizability\uff09\u300d\u8207\u300c\u6548\u7528\uff08Utility\uff09\u300d\u3002<br>\u7814\u7a76\u5c07\u9019 10 \u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u5206\u70ba\u300c\u9ad8\u3001\u4e2d\u3001\u4f4e\u300d\u4e09\u7a2e\u6548\u7528\u7b49\u7d1a\u3002<br>\u4f4e\u6548\u7b56\u7565 (Low Utility) \u2014\u2014 \u5b78\u751f\u6700\u611b\uff0c\u4f46\u6548\u679c\u6700\u5dee<br>1. \u4f5c\u6458\u8981\u7b46\u8a18 (Summarization)\uff1a \u64b0\u5beb\u6458\u8981\u82e5\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8a13\u7df4\uff0c\u5b78\u751f\u5f80\u5f80\u7121\u6cd5\u7cbe\u6e96\u63d0\u7149\u91cd\u9ede\uff0c\u7522\u51fa\u5167\u5bb9\u54c1\u8cea\u4e0d\u4f73\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u5b78\u7fd2\u6548\u679c\u53d7\u9650\u3002<br>2. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede (Highlighting\/Underlining)\uff1a \u96d6\u7136\u5b78\u751f\u5e38\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\u9019\u591a\u5c6c\u65bc\u300c\u88ab\u52d5\u8655\u7406\u300d\u3002\u9664\u975e\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u80fd\u5f15\u5c0e\u5b78\u751f\u9032\u884c\u66f4\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\u6574\u5408\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u5b83\u50c5\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u8a18\u61b6\u300c\u88ab\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u7247\u6bb5\u300d\uff0c\u537b\u6703\u963b\u7919\u5c0d\u5168\u6587\u7684\u300c\u63a8\u8ad6\u7406\u89e3\u300d\u3002<br>3. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80 (Rereading)\uff1a \u9019\u662f\u6700\u666e\u904d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6548\u679c\u6975\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u3002\u55ae\u7d14\u91cd\u8907\u95b1\u8b80\u53ea\u6703\u8b93\u5b78\u751f\u7522\u751f\u300c\u719f\u6089\u611f\uff08Fluency\uff09\u300d\uff0c\u8aa4\u4ee5\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u5df2\u7d93\u5b78\u6703\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u9700\u8981\u5be6\u969b\u63d0\u53d6\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6642\u5f80\u5f80\u6703\u5931\u6548\u3002<br>\u767d\u8a71\u6587\u89e3\u91cb<br>1. \u4f5c\u6458\u8981\u7b46\u8a18\uff1a\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u628a\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5f9eA\u5730\u6284\u5beb\u5230B\u5730\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u6284\u5beb\u5c31\u8f38\u5165\u5230\u9577\u671f\u8a18\u61b6\u3002\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u8017\u8cbb\u6642\u9593\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6642\u9593\u4e0b\u9084\u4e0d\u5982\u76f4\u63a5\u8a18\u61b6\u77e5\u8b58\u3002<br>2. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede\uff1a\u773c\u775b\u6703\u4e0d\u7531\u81ea\u4e3b\u505c\u5728\u300c\u88ab\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u300d\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u65b7\u8a18\u61b6\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u7247\u6bb5\u300d\uff0c\u5c0d\u6574\u9ad4\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u53cd\u800c\u6709\u5bb3\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u898b\u6a39\u4e0d\u898b\u6797<br>3. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80\uff1a\u91cd\u8907\u8b80\u7d66\u4eba\u4e00\u7a2e\u81ea\u5df1\u5f88\u719f\u7684\u932f\u89ba\uff0c\u4f46\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5982\u679c\u628a\u66f8\u84cb\u8d77\u4f86\u6703\u767c\u73fe\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u771f\u7684\u8a18\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u7b49\u65bc\u767d\u767d\u6d6a\u8cbb\u6642\u9593\u91cd\u8b80\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e8c\u30012021 \u5e74\u7814\u7a76\uff1a\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u8a0e\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u8207\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u7684\u7121\u6548\u6027 [2]<br>\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e86\u5b78\u751f\u5728\u7d19\u672c\u8207\u96fb\u5b50\u87a2\u5e55\u4e0a\u9032\u884c\u95b1\u8b80\u3001\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u8207\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7d50\u679c\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u95b1\u8b80\u7d19\u672c\u9084\u662f\u6578\u4f4d\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u50c5\u50c5\u4f9d\u9760\u300c\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u300d\u8207\u300c\u6284\u9304\u7b46\u8a18\u300d\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u63d0\u5347\u95b1\u8b80\u7406\u89e3\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5e6b\u52a9\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u6697\u793a\uff0c\u7576\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u7576\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u5b8c\u6210\u611f\u300d\u7684\u5100\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u300c\u6df1\u5ea6\u8655\u7406\u8cc7\u8a0a\u300d\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u6642\uff0c\u5b78\u7fd2\u6548\u679c\u6703\u986f\u8457\u4e0b\u964d\u3002<br><br>\u4e09\u30012021<strong> <\/strong>\u7684\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u7814\u7a76<strong>: Gerald M. Donoghue \u548c John Hattie<\/strong>\uff08\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300c\u53ef\u8996\u5316\u5b78\u7fd2\u300dVisible Learning \u4e4b\u7236\uff09\u767c\u8868\u65bc\u300aFrontiers in Education\u300b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u672c\u8a08\u5283\u6db5\u84cb\u4e86 242 \u9805\u7368\u7acb\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7e3d\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u4eba\u6578\u9ad8\u9054 169,179 \u4eba\u3002[3]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u660e\u78ba\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\uff08Underlining\/Highlighting\uff09\u8207\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\uff08Basic Note-taking\/Summarization\uff09\u8655\u65bc\u6548\u80fd\u6392\u540d\u7684\u6700\u5e95\u5c64\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u6b98\u9177\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u662f\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5728\u6975\u5c11\u6578\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u6709\u300c\u4e00\u9ede\u9ede\u300d\u5e6b\u52a9\uff0c\u5176\u7d71\u8a08\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff08Effect Size\uff09\u4e5f<strong>\u4f4e\u5230\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565\u4e0d\u8a08<\/strong>\u3002<br>Donoghue \u8207 Hattie \u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u8ad6\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b78\u7d0d\u70ba\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u500b\u91cd\u9ede\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u7684\u300c\u6dfa\u5c64\u9677\u9631\u300d\uff1a \u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u6216\u8a31\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u8a18\u61b6\u300c\u67d0\u500b\u540d\u8a5e\u5728\u54ea\u4e00\u884c\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u9762\u5c0d\u9700\u8981\u300c\u6574\u5408\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u7684\u6df1\u5c64\u984c\u76ee\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7b56\u7565\u5e7e\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u5931\u9748\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u88ab\u52d5\u7b46\u8a18\u7684\u5047\u8c61\uff1a \u8a31\u591a\u5b78\u751f\u4ee5\u70ba\u5728\u807d\u8b1b\u6642\u300c\u7167\u6284\u677f\u66f8\u300d\u6216\u95b1\u8b80\u6642\u300c\u628a\u91cd\u9ede\u6284\u4e0b\u4f86\u300d\u5c31\u662f\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u6284\u5beb\u5f0f\uff08Transcriptive\uff09\u7684\u52d5\u4f5c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u555f\u52d5\u5927\u8166\u7684\u6df1\u5c64\u7de8\u78bc\uff08Encoding\uff09\u904e\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8a8d\u77e5\u7684\u300c\u81f4\u547d\u65b7\u5c64\u300d\uff1a \u7576\u5b78\u7fd2\u76ee\u6a19\u5f9e\u300c\u8b58\u5225\u4e8b\u5be6\u300d\u8f49\u5411\u300c\u6279\u5224\u5206\u6790\u300d\u6642\uff0c\u88ab\u52d5\u7b56\u7565\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u6548\u679c\u4e0d\u597d\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u751a\u81f3\u6703\u6210\u70ba\u963b\u7919\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u8b93\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u8aa4\u4ee5\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u5df2\u7d93\u300c\u8655\u7406\u904e\u300d\u9019\u4e9b\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u5c0e\u81f4\u5927\u8166\u653e\u68c4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u8655\u7406(\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u81ea\u884c\u6d88\u5316\u77e5\u8b58)\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u90a3\u9ebc\u600e\u9ebc\u505a\u624d\u6709\u6548\u5462?<br>1. <strong>\u4e3b\u52d5\u63d0\u53d6 (Active Recall)\u300d\uff1a<\/strong> \u5148\u5617\u8a66\u56de\u60f3\u91cd\u9ede\uff0c\u518d\u7ffb\u958b\u8ab2\u672c\u6bd4\u5c0d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5148\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u3002<br>2. <strong>\u5206\u6563\u5b78\u7fd2<\/strong>\uff1a\u5c07\u8907\u7fd2\u6642\u9593\u62c9\u958b\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5728\u8003\u524d\u6b7b\u8a18\u786c\u80cc\uff08Cramming\uff09\u3002\u9019\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u5f37\u5316\u9577\u671f\u8a18\u61b6\u7684\u978f\u56fa\u3002(\u53ef\u53c3\u8003\u827e\u8cd3\u8c6a\u65af\u907a\u5fd8\u66f2\u7dda)<br><br>\u5fc3\u5f97\u8207\u7e3d\u7d50\uff1a\u5728polyglot gathering\u7684\u7814\u8a0e\u6703\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f86\u8cd3\u8acb\u6559\u591a\u8a9e\u5927\u5e2bRichard Simcott\u662f\u5426\u5728\u5b78\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u6642\u5019\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18?\u5927\u5e2b\u56de\u7b54\uff1a\u6c92\u6709!\u56e0\u70ba\u8a18\u5230\u8166\u6d77\u88e1\u7684\u624d\u53eb\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u8a18\u8d77\u4f86\u5c31\u76f8\u7576\u65bc\u6c92\u6709\u5b78\u6703\u3002\u9019\u53e5\u8a71\u76f8\u7576\u6dfa\u986f\u6613\u61c2\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u6211\u5011\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5462?<br>\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u6e96\u5099\u8003\u8a66\u6216\u505a\u5b78\u554f\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5171\u540c\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u8ab0\u5728\u55ae\u4f4d\u6642\u9593\u5167\u8a18\u4f4f\u6700\u591a\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u6709\u6548\u7387\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u904e\u53bb\u6240\u5b78\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5927\u591a\u8457\u91cd\u5728\u57f7\u884c\u4efb\u52d9\uff0c\u537b\u6c92\u6709\u56de\u982d\u6aa2\u8996\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u4efb\u52d9\u88ab\u57f7\u884c\u5b8c\u5230\u5e95\u6536\u5230\u591a\u5c11\u6210\u6548\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u9084\u6703\u9f13\u52f5\u8981\u591a\u53bb\u57f7\u884c\u5c31\u662f\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u5b78\u7fd2\u7684\u4e2d\u9593\u7522\u7269\u6216\u8005SOP\u66f4\u70ba\u57f7\u8457\uff0c\u537b\u5fd8\u4e86\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u76ee\u6a19&#8211;\u77e5\u8b58\u8981\u653e\u5230\u9577\u671f\u8a18\u61b6\u624d\u7b97\u662f\u5b78\u6703\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u7fd2\u66f4\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u770b\u5b8c\u4e09\u7bc7\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u8acb\u8b39\u8a18:\u8b80\u66f8\u4e0d\u53ef\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u3001\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u3002<br><br>[1] <em>Improving Students\u2019 Learning With Effective Learning Techniques: Promising Directions From Cognitive and Educational Psychology<\/em><br>[2] Highlighting and taking notes are equally ineffective when reading paper or eText<br>[3] <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/education\/articles\/10.3389\/feduc.2021.581216\/full\">https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/education\/articles\/10.3389\/feduc.2021.581216\/full<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u7ae0\uff1a <a href=\"https:\/\/tingriley.com\/index.php\/2023\/07\/09\/get-rid-of-your-pen\/\n\">https:\/\/tingriley.com\/index.php\/2023\/07\/09\/get-rid-of-your-pens<br><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e09\u5927\u4f4e\u6548\u8b80\u66f8\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f60\u4e2d\u4e86\u5e7e\u500b\u5462?1. \u4f5c\u7b46\u8a182. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede3. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80\u4e00\u8d77\u4f86\u770b\u5e7e\u500b\u7d93\u5178\u7814\u7a76\u5427 \u4e00\u30012013 \u5e74\u7d93\u5178\u7814\u7a76\uff1aDunlosky \u7684\u7d9c\u5408\u8a55\u4f30 [1]\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u5b78\u7fd2\u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u6700\u5e38\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6587\u737b\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5b83\u91dd\u5c0d\u7576\u6642\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u5341\u7a2e\u5b78\u7fd2\u65b9\u6cd5\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u56de\u9867\u3002\u8a72\u7814\u7a76\u65e8\u5728\u8a55\u4f30 10 \u7a2e\u5e38\u898b\u5b78\u7fd2\u7b56\u7565\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u300c\u901a\u7528\u6027\uff08Generalizability\uff09\u300d\u8207\u300c\u6548\u7528\uff08Utility\uff09\u300d\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u5c07\u9019 10 \u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u5206\u70ba\u300c\u9ad8\u3001\u4e2d\u3001\u4f4e\u300d\u4e09\u7a2e\u6548\u7528\u7b49\u7d1a\u3002\u4f4e\u6548\u7b56\u7565 (Low Utility) \u2014\u2014 \u5b78\u751f\u6700\u611b\uff0c\u4f46\u6548\u679c\u6700\u5dee1. \u4f5c\u6458\u8981\u7b46\u8a18 (Summarization)\uff1a \u64b0\u5beb\u6458\u8981\u82e5\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8a13\u7df4\uff0c\u5b78\u751f\u5f80\u5f80\u7121\u6cd5\u7cbe\u6e96\u63d0\u7149\u91cd\u9ede\uff0c\u7522\u51fa\u5167\u5bb9\u54c1\u8cea\u4e0d\u4f73\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u5b78\u7fd2\u6548\u679c\u53d7\u9650\u30022. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede (Highlighting\/Underlining)\uff1a \u96d6\u7136\u5b78\u751f\u5e38\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\u9019\u591a\u5c6c\u65bc\u300c\u88ab\u52d5\u8655\u7406\u300d\u3002\u9664\u975e\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u80fd\u5f15\u5c0e\u5b78\u751f\u9032\u884c\u66f4\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\u6574\u5408\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u5b83\u50c5\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u8a18\u61b6\u300c\u88ab\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u7247\u6bb5\u300d\uff0c\u537b\u6703\u963b\u7919\u5c0d\u5168\u6587\u7684\u300c\u63a8\u8ad6\u7406\u89e3\u300d\u30023. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80 (Rereading)\uff1a \u9019\u662f\u6700\u666e\u904d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6548\u679c\u6975\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u3002\u55ae\u7d14\u91cd\u8907\u95b1\u8b80\u53ea\u6703\u8b93\u5b78\u751f\u7522\u751f\u300c\u719f\u6089\u611f\uff08Fluency\uff09\u300d\uff0c\u8aa4\u4ee5\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u5df2\u7d93\u5b78\u6703\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u9700\u8981\u5be6\u969b\u63d0\u53d6\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6642\u5f80\u5f80\u6703\u5931\u6548\u3002\u767d\u8a71\u6587\u89e3\u91cb1. \u4f5c\u6458\u8981\u7b46\u8a18\uff1a\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u628a\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5f9eA\u5730\u6284\u5beb\u5230B\u5730\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u6284\u5beb\u5c31\u8f38\u5165\u5230\u9577\u671f\u8a18\u61b6\u3002\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u8017\u8cbb\u6642\u9593\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6642\u9593\u4e0b\u9084\u4e0d\u5982\u76f4\u63a5\u8a18\u61b6\u77e5\u8b58\u30022. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede\uff1a\u773c\u775b\u6703\u4e0d\u7531\u81ea\u4e3b\u505c\u5728\u300c\u88ab\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u300d\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u65b7\u8a18\u61b6\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u7247\u6bb5\u300d\uff0c\u5c0d\u6574\u9ad4\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u53cd\u800c\u6709\u5bb3\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u898b\u6a39\u4e0d\u898b\u67973. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80\uff1a\u91cd\u8907\u8b80\u7d66\u4eba\u4e00\u7a2e\u81ea\u5df1\u5f88\u719f\u7684\u932f\u89ba\uff0c\u4f46\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5982\u679c\u628a\u66f8\u84cb\u8d77\u4f86\u6703\u767c\u73fe\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u771f\u7684\u8a18\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u7b49\u65bc\u767d\u767d\u6d6a\u8cbb\u6642\u9593\u91cd\u8b80\u3002 \u4e8c\u30012021 \u5e74\u7814\u7a76\uff1a\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u8a0e\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u8207\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u7684\u7121\u6548\u6027 [2]\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e86\u5b78\u751f\u5728\u7d19\u672c\u8207\u96fb\u5b50\u87a2\u5e55\u4e0a\u9032\u884c\u95b1\u8b80\u3001\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u8207\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002 \u7d50\u679c\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u95b1\u8b80\u7d19\u672c\u9084\u662f\u6578\u4f4d\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u50c5\u50c5\u4f9d\u9760\u300c\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u300d\u8207\u300c\u6284\u9304\u7b46\u8a18\u300d\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u63d0\u5347\u95b1\u8b80\u7406\u89e3\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5e6b\u52a9\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u6697\u793a\uff0c\u7576\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u7576\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u5b8c\u6210\u611f\u300d\u7684\u5100\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u300c\u6df1\u5ea6\u8655\u7406\u8cc7\u8a0a\u300d\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u6642\uff0c\u5b78\u7fd2\u6548\u679c\u6703\u986f\u8457\u4e0b\u964d\u3002 \u4e09\u30012021 \u7684\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u7814\u7a76: Gerald M. Donoghue \u548c John Hattie\uff08\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300c\u53ef\u8996\u5316\u5b78\u7fd2\u300dVisible Learning \u4e4b\u7236\uff09\u767c\u8868\u65bc\u300aFrontiers in Education\u300b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u672c\u8a08\u5283\u6db5\u84cb\u4e86 242 \u9805\u7368\u7acb\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7e3d\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u4eba\u6578\u9ad8\u9054 169,179 \u4eba\u3002[3] \u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u660e\u78ba\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\uff08Underlining\/Highlighting\uff09\u8207\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\uff08Basic Note-taking\/Summarization\uff09\u8655\u65bc\u6548\u80fd\u6392\u540d\u7684\u6700\u5e95\u5c64\u3002 &#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"continue-reading-button\"> <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/tingriley.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/06\/ineffective-learning-methods\/\">Continue reading<i class=\"crycon-right-dir\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[34,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1003","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-methods","category-memory"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - 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Donoghue \u548c John Hattie\uff08\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300c\u53ef\u8996\u5316\u5b78\u7fd2\u300dVisible Learning \u4e4b\u7236\uff09\u767c\u8868\u65bc\u300aFrontiers in Education\u300b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u672c\u8a08\u5283\u6db5\u84cb\u4e86 242 \u9805\u7368\u7acb\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7e3d\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u4eba\u6578\u9ad8\u9054 169,179 \u4eba\u3002[3] \u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u660e\u78ba\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\uff08Underlining\/Highlighting\uff09\u8207\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\uff08Basic Note-taking\/Summarization\uff09\u8655\u65bc\u6548\u80fd\u6392\u540d\u7684\u6700\u5e95\u5c64\u3002 \u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u6b98\u9177\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u662f\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5728\u6975\u5c11\u6578\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u6709\u300c\u4e00\u9ede\u9ede\u300d\u5e6b\u52a9\uff0c\u5176\u7d71\u8a08\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff08Effect Size\uff09\u4e5f\u4f4e\u5230\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565\u4e0d\u8a08\u3002Donoghue \u8207 Hattie \u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u8ad6\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b78\u7d0d\u70ba\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u500b\u91cd\u9ede\uff1a\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"tingriley\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tingriley.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/06\/ineffective-learning-methods\/\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 4.9.10\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Tingriley - teach yourself a language\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u7121\u6548\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\u65b9\u6cd5\u2013\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u3001\u756b\u91cd\u9ede - Tingriley\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u4e09\u5927\u4f4e\u6548\u8b80\u66f8\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f60\u4e2d\u4e86\u5e7e\u500b\u5462?1. \u4f5c\u7b46\u8a182. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede3. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80\u4e00\u8d77\u4f86\u770b\u5e7e\u500b\u7d93\u5178\u7814\u7a76\u5427 \u4e00\u30012013 \u5e74\u7d93\u5178\u7814\u7a76\uff1aDunlosky \u7684\u7d9c\u5408\u8a55\u4f30 [1]\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u5b78\u7fd2\u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u6700\u5e38\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6587\u737b\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5b83\u91dd\u5c0d\u7576\u6642\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u5341\u7a2e\u5b78\u7fd2\u65b9\u6cd5\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u56de\u9867\u3002\u8a72\u7814\u7a76\u65e8\u5728\u8a55\u4f30 10 \u7a2e\u5e38\u898b\u5b78\u7fd2\u7b56\u7565\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u300c\u901a\u7528\u6027\uff08Generalizability\uff09\u300d\u8207\u300c\u6548\u7528\uff08Utility\uff09\u300d\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u5c07\u9019 10 \u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u5206\u70ba\u300c\u9ad8\u3001\u4e2d\u3001\u4f4e\u300d\u4e09\u7a2e\u6548\u7528\u7b49\u7d1a\u3002\u4f4e\u6548\u7b56\u7565 (Low Utility) \u2014\u2014 \u5b78\u751f\u6700\u611b\uff0c\u4f46\u6548\u679c\u6700\u5dee1. \u4f5c\u6458\u8981\u7b46\u8a18 (Summarization)\uff1a \u64b0\u5beb\u6458\u8981\u82e5\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8a13\u7df4\uff0c\u5b78\u751f\u5f80\u5f80\u7121\u6cd5\u7cbe\u6e96\u63d0\u7149\u91cd\u9ede\uff0c\u7522\u51fa\u5167\u5bb9\u54c1\u8cea\u4e0d\u4f73\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u5b78\u7fd2\u6548\u679c\u53d7\u9650\u30022. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede (Highlighting\/Underlining)\uff1a \u96d6\u7136\u5b78\u751f\u5e38\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\u9019\u591a\u5c6c\u65bc\u300c\u88ab\u52d5\u8655\u7406\u300d\u3002\u9664\u975e\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u80fd\u5f15\u5c0e\u5b78\u751f\u9032\u884c\u66f4\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\u6574\u5408\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u5b83\u50c5\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u8a18\u61b6\u300c\u88ab\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u7247\u6bb5\u300d\uff0c\u537b\u6703\u963b\u7919\u5c0d\u5168\u6587\u7684\u300c\u63a8\u8ad6\u7406\u89e3\u300d\u30023. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80 (Rereading)\uff1a \u9019\u662f\u6700\u666e\u904d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6548\u679c\u6975\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u3002\u55ae\u7d14\u91cd\u8907\u95b1\u8b80\u53ea\u6703\u8b93\u5b78\u751f\u7522\u751f\u300c\u719f\u6089\u611f\uff08Fluency\uff09\u300d\uff0c\u8aa4\u4ee5\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u5df2\u7d93\u5b78\u6703\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u9700\u8981\u5be6\u969b\u63d0\u53d6\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6642\u5f80\u5f80\u6703\u5931\u6548\u3002\u767d\u8a71\u6587\u89e3\u91cb1. \u4f5c\u6458\u8981\u7b46\u8a18\uff1a\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u628a\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5f9eA\u5730\u6284\u5beb\u5230B\u5730\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u6284\u5beb\u5c31\u8f38\u5165\u5230\u9577\u671f\u8a18\u61b6\u3002\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u8017\u8cbb\u6642\u9593\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6642\u9593\u4e0b\u9084\u4e0d\u5982\u76f4\u63a5\u8a18\u61b6\u77e5\u8b58\u30022. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede\uff1a\u773c\u775b\u6703\u4e0d\u7531\u81ea\u4e3b\u505c\u5728\u300c\u88ab\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u300d\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u65b7\u8a18\u61b6\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u7247\u6bb5\u300d\uff0c\u5c0d\u6574\u9ad4\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u53cd\u800c\u6709\u5bb3\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u898b\u6a39\u4e0d\u898b\u67973. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80\uff1a\u91cd\u8907\u8b80\u7d66\u4eba\u4e00\u7a2e\u81ea\u5df1\u5f88\u719f\u7684\u932f\u89ba\uff0c\u4f46\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5982\u679c\u628a\u66f8\u84cb\u8d77\u4f86\u6703\u767c\u73fe\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u771f\u7684\u8a18\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u7b49\u65bc\u767d\u767d\u6d6a\u8cbb\u6642\u9593\u91cd\u8b80\u3002 \u4e8c\u30012021 \u5e74\u7814\u7a76\uff1a\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u8a0e\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u8207\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u7684\u7121\u6548\u6027 [2]\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e86\u5b78\u751f\u5728\u7d19\u672c\u8207\u96fb\u5b50\u87a2\u5e55\u4e0a\u9032\u884c\u95b1\u8b80\u3001\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u8207\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002 \u7d50\u679c\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u95b1\u8b80\u7d19\u672c\u9084\u662f\u6578\u4f4d\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u50c5\u50c5\u4f9d\u9760\u300c\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u300d\u8207\u300c\u6284\u9304\u7b46\u8a18\u300d\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u63d0\u5347\u95b1\u8b80\u7406\u89e3\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5e6b\u52a9\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u6697\u793a\uff0c\u7576\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u7576\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u5b8c\u6210\u611f\u300d\u7684\u5100\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u300c\u6df1\u5ea6\u8655\u7406\u8cc7\u8a0a\u300d\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u6642\uff0c\u5b78\u7fd2\u6548\u679c\u6703\u986f\u8457\u4e0b\u964d\u3002 \u4e09\u30012021 \u7684\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u7814\u7a76: Gerald M. Donoghue \u548c John Hattie\uff08\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300c\u53ef\u8996\u5316\u5b78\u7fd2\u300dVisible Learning \u4e4b\u7236\uff09\u767c\u8868\u65bc\u300aFrontiers in Education\u300b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u672c\u8a08\u5283\u6db5\u84cb\u4e86 242 \u9805\u7368\u7acb\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7e3d\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u4eba\u6578\u9ad8\u9054 169,179 \u4eba\u3002[3] \u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u660e\u78ba\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\uff08Underlining\/Highlighting\uff09\u8207\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\uff08Basic Note-taking\/Summarization\uff09\u8655\u65bc\u6548\u80fd\u6392\u540d\u7684\u6700\u5e95\u5c64\u3002 \u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u6b98\u9177\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u662f\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5728\u6975\u5c11\u6578\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u6709\u300c\u4e00\u9ede\u9ede\u300d\u5e6b\u52a9\uff0c\u5176\u7d71\u8a08\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff08Effect Size\uff09\u4e5f\u4f4e\u5230\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565\u4e0d\u8a08\u3002Donoghue \u8207 Hattie \u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u8ad6\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b78\u7d0d\u70ba\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u500b\u91cd\u9ede\uff1a\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/tingriley.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/06\/ineffective-learning-methods\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-07-06T03:37:54+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-07-06T13:38:20+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"\u7121\u6548\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\u65b9\u6cd5\u2013\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u3001\u756b\u91cd\u9ede - Tingriley\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"\u4e09\u5927\u4f4e\u6548\u8b80\u66f8\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f60\u4e2d\u4e86\u5e7e\u500b\u5462?1. \u4f5c\u7b46\u8a182. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede3. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80\u4e00\u8d77\u4f86\u770b\u5e7e\u500b\u7d93\u5178\u7814\u7a76\u5427 \u4e00\u30012013 \u5e74\u7d93\u5178\u7814\u7a76\uff1aDunlosky \u7684\u7d9c\u5408\u8a55\u4f30 [1]\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u5b78\u7fd2\u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u6700\u5e38\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6587\u737b\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5b83\u91dd\u5c0d\u7576\u6642\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u5341\u7a2e\u5b78\u7fd2\u65b9\u6cd5\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u56de\u9867\u3002\u8a72\u7814\u7a76\u65e8\u5728\u8a55\u4f30 10 \u7a2e\u5e38\u898b\u5b78\u7fd2\u7b56\u7565\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u300c\u901a\u7528\u6027\uff08Generalizability\uff09\u300d\u8207\u300c\u6548\u7528\uff08Utility\uff09\u300d\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u5c07\u9019 10 \u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u5206\u70ba\u300c\u9ad8\u3001\u4e2d\u3001\u4f4e\u300d\u4e09\u7a2e\u6548\u7528\u7b49\u7d1a\u3002\u4f4e\u6548\u7b56\u7565 (Low Utility) \u2014\u2014 \u5b78\u751f\u6700\u611b\uff0c\u4f46\u6548\u679c\u6700\u5dee1. \u4f5c\u6458\u8981\u7b46\u8a18 (Summarization)\uff1a \u64b0\u5beb\u6458\u8981\u82e5\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8a13\u7df4\uff0c\u5b78\u751f\u5f80\u5f80\u7121\u6cd5\u7cbe\u6e96\u63d0\u7149\u91cd\u9ede\uff0c\u7522\u51fa\u5167\u5bb9\u54c1\u8cea\u4e0d\u4f73\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u5b78\u7fd2\u6548\u679c\u53d7\u9650\u30022. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede (Highlighting\/Underlining)\uff1a \u96d6\u7136\u5b78\u751f\u5e38\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\u9019\u591a\u5c6c\u65bc\u300c\u88ab\u52d5\u8655\u7406\u300d\u3002\u9664\u975e\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u80fd\u5f15\u5c0e\u5b78\u751f\u9032\u884c\u66f4\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\u6574\u5408\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u5b83\u50c5\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u8a18\u61b6\u300c\u88ab\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u7247\u6bb5\u300d\uff0c\u537b\u6703\u963b\u7919\u5c0d\u5168\u6587\u7684\u300c\u63a8\u8ad6\u7406\u89e3\u300d\u30023. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80 (Rereading)\uff1a \u9019\u662f\u6700\u666e\u904d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6548\u679c\u6975\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u3002\u55ae\u7d14\u91cd\u8907\u95b1\u8b80\u53ea\u6703\u8b93\u5b78\u751f\u7522\u751f\u300c\u719f\u6089\u611f\uff08Fluency\uff09\u300d\uff0c\u8aa4\u4ee5\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u5df2\u7d93\u5b78\u6703\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u9700\u8981\u5be6\u969b\u63d0\u53d6\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6642\u5f80\u5f80\u6703\u5931\u6548\u3002\u767d\u8a71\u6587\u89e3\u91cb1. \u4f5c\u6458\u8981\u7b46\u8a18\uff1a\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u628a\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5f9eA\u5730\u6284\u5beb\u5230B\u5730\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u6284\u5beb\u5c31\u8f38\u5165\u5230\u9577\u671f\u8a18\u61b6\u3002\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u8017\u8cbb\u6642\u9593\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6642\u9593\u4e0b\u9084\u4e0d\u5982\u76f4\u63a5\u8a18\u61b6\u77e5\u8b58\u30022. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede\uff1a\u773c\u775b\u6703\u4e0d\u7531\u81ea\u4e3b\u505c\u5728\u300c\u88ab\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u300d\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u65b7\u8a18\u61b6\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u7247\u6bb5\u300d\uff0c\u5c0d\u6574\u9ad4\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u53cd\u800c\u6709\u5bb3\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u898b\u6a39\u4e0d\u898b\u67973. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80\uff1a\u91cd\u8907\u8b80\u7d66\u4eba\u4e00\u7a2e\u81ea\u5df1\u5f88\u719f\u7684\u932f\u89ba\uff0c\u4f46\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5982\u679c\u628a\u66f8\u84cb\u8d77\u4f86\u6703\u767c\u73fe\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u771f\u7684\u8a18\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u7b49\u65bc\u767d\u767d\u6d6a\u8cbb\u6642\u9593\u91cd\u8b80\u3002 \u4e8c\u30012021 \u5e74\u7814\u7a76\uff1a\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u8a0e\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u8207\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u7684\u7121\u6548\u6027 [2]\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e86\u5b78\u751f\u5728\u7d19\u672c\u8207\u96fb\u5b50\u87a2\u5e55\u4e0a\u9032\u884c\u95b1\u8b80\u3001\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u8207\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002 \u7d50\u679c\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u95b1\u8b80\u7d19\u672c\u9084\u662f\u6578\u4f4d\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u50c5\u50c5\u4f9d\u9760\u300c\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u300d\u8207\u300c\u6284\u9304\u7b46\u8a18\u300d\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u63d0\u5347\u95b1\u8b80\u7406\u89e3\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5e6b\u52a9\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u6697\u793a\uff0c\u7576\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u7576\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u5b8c\u6210\u611f\u300d\u7684\u5100\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u300c\u6df1\u5ea6\u8655\u7406\u8cc7\u8a0a\u300d\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u6642\uff0c\u5b78\u7fd2\u6548\u679c\u6703\u986f\u8457\u4e0b\u964d\u3002 \u4e09\u30012021 \u7684\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u7814\u7a76: Gerald M. 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\\u9019\\u662f\\u6700\\u666e\\u904d\\u7684\\u65b9\\u6cd5\\uff0c\\u4f46\\u5176\\u6548\\u679c\\u6975\\u4e0d\\u7a69\\u5b9a\\u3002\\u55ae\\u7d14\\u91cd\\u8907\\u95b1\\u8b80\\u53ea\\u6703\\u8b93\\u5b78\\u751f\\u7522\\u751f\\u300c\\u719f\\u6089\\u611f\\uff08Fluency\\uff09\\u300d\\uff0c\\u8aa4\\u4ee5\\u70ba\\u81ea\\u5df1\\u5df2\\u7d93\\u5b78\\u6703\\u4e86\\uff0c\\u4f46\\u5728\\u9700\\u8981\\u5be6\\u969b\\u63d0\\u53d6\\u8cc7\\u8a0a\\u6642\\u5f80\\u5f80\\u6703\\u5931\\u6548\\u3002\\u767d\\u8a71\\u6587\\u89e3\\u91cb1. \\u4f5c\\u6458\\u8981\\u7b46\\u8a18\\uff1a\\u4f5c\\u7b46\\u8a18\\u4e0d\\u904e\\u662f\\u628a\\u66f8\\u4e2d\\u7684\\u8cc7\\u8a0a\\u5f9eA\\u5730\\u6284\\u5beb\\u5230B\\u5730\\uff0c\\u5be6\\u969b\\u4e0a\\u4e26\\u4e0d\\u6703\\u56e0\\u70ba\\u6284\\u5beb\\u5c31\\u8f38\\u5165\\u5230\\u9577\\u671f\\u8a18\\u61b6\\u3002\\u518d\\u8005\\uff0c\\u4f5c\\u7b46\\u8a18\\u662f\\u4e00\\u500b\\u975e\\u5e38\\u8017\\u8cbb\\u6642\\u9593\\u7684\\u884c\\u70ba\\uff0c\\u5728\\u76f8\\u540c\\u7684\\u6642\\u9593\\u4e0b\\u9084\\u4e0d\\u5982\\u76f4\\u63a5\\u8a18\\u61b6\\u77e5\\u8b58\\u30022. \\u756b\\u91cd\\u9ede\\uff1a\\u773c\\u775b\\u6703\\u4e0d\\u7531\\u81ea\\u4e3b\\u505c\\u5728\\u300c\\u88ab\\u6a19\\u8a18\\u7684\\u5730\\u65b9\\u300d\\uff0c\\u9020\\u6210\\u4e0d\\u65b7\\u8a18\\u61b6\\u300c\\u77e5\\u8b58\\u7247\\u6bb5\\u300d\\uff0c\\u5c0d\\u6574\\u9ad4\\u7684\\u7406\\u89e3\\u53cd\\u800c\\u6709\\u5bb3\\u3002\\u4e5f\\u5c31\\u662f\\u6240\\u8b02\\u7684\\u898b\\u6a39\\u4e0d\\u898b\\u67973. \\u91cd\\u8907\\u8b80\\uff1a\\u91cd\\u8907\\u8b80\\u7d66\\u4eba\\u4e00\\u7a2e\\u81ea\\u5df1\\u5f88\\u719f\\u7684\\u932f\\u89ba\\uff0c\\u4f46\\u5be6\\u969b\\u4e0a\\u5982\\u679c\\u628a\\u66f8\\u84cb\\u8d77\\u4f86\\u6703\\u767c\\u73fe\\u6839\\u672c\\u6c92\\u6709\\u771f\\u7684\\u8a18\\u8d77\\u4f86\\u3002\\u7b49\\u65bc\\u767d\\u767d\\u6d6a\\u8cbb\\u6642\\u9593\\u91cd\\u8b80\\u3002 \\u4e8c\\u30012021 \\u5e74\\u7814\\u7a76\\uff1a\\u9032\\u4e00\\u6b65\\u63a2\\u8a0e\\u4f5c\\u7b46\\u8a18\\u8207\\u756b\\u91cd\\u9ede\\u7684\\u7121\\u6548\\u6027 [2]\\u9019\\u9805\\u7814\\u7a76\\u6bd4\\u8f03\\u4e86\\u5b78\\u751f\\u5728\\u7d19\\u672c\\u8207\\u96fb\\u5b50\\u87a2\\u5e55\\u4e0a\\u9032\\u884c\\u95b1\\u8b80\\u3001\\u756b\\u91cd\\u9ede\\u8207\\u4f5c\\u7b46\\u8a18\\u7684\\u6548\\u679c\\u3002 \\u7d50\\u679c\\u986f\\u793a\\uff0c\\u7121\\u8ad6\\u662f\\u95b1\\u8b80\\u7d19\\u672c\\u9084\\u662f\\u6578\\u4f4d\\u6587\\u4ef6\\uff0c\\u50c5\\u50c5\\u4f9d\\u9760\\u300c\\u756b\\u91cd\\u9ede\\u300d\\u8207\\u300c\\u6284\\u9304\\u7b46\\u8a18\\u300d\\uff0c\\u5c0d\\u65bc\\u63d0\\u5347\\u95b1\\u8b80\\u7406\\u89e3\\u80fd\\u529b\\u7684\\u5e6b\\u52a9\\u975e\\u5e38\\u6709\\u9650\\u3002\\u7814\\u7a76\\u6697\\u793a\\uff0c\\u7576\\u5b78\\u7fd2\\u8005\\u5c07\\u9019\\u4e9b\\u884c\\u70ba\\u7576\\u4f5c\\u662f\\u4e00\\u7a2e\\u300c\\u5b8c\\u6210\\u611f\\u300d\\u7684\\u5100\\u5f0f\\uff0c\\u800c\\u975e\\u300c\\u6df1\\u5ea6\\u8655\\u7406\\u8cc7\\u8a0a\\u300d\\u7684\\u5de5\\u5177\\u6642\\uff0c\\u5b78\\u7fd2\\u6548\\u679c\\u6703\\u986f\\u8457\\u4e0b\\u964d\\u3002 \\u4e09\\u30012021 \\u7684\\u5927\\u898f\\u6a21\\u7814\\u7a76: Gerald M. 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Tingriley","description":"\u4e09\u5927\u4f4e\u6548\u8b80\u66f8\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f60\u4e2d\u4e86\u5e7e\u500b\u5462?1. \u4f5c\u7b46\u8a182. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede3. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80\u4e00\u8d77\u4f86\u770b\u5e7e\u500b\u7d93\u5178\u7814\u7a76\u5427 \u4e00\u30012013 \u5e74\u7d93\u5178\u7814\u7a76\uff1aDunlosky \u7684\u7d9c\u5408\u8a55\u4f30 [1]\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u5b78\u7fd2\u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u6700\u5e38\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6587\u737b\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5b83\u91dd\u5c0d\u7576\u6642\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u5341\u7a2e\u5b78\u7fd2\u65b9\u6cd5\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u56de\u9867\u3002\u8a72\u7814\u7a76\u65e8\u5728\u8a55\u4f30 10 \u7a2e\u5e38\u898b\u5b78\u7fd2\u7b56\u7565\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u300c\u901a\u7528\u6027\uff08Generalizability\uff09\u300d\u8207\u300c\u6548\u7528\uff08Utility\uff09\u300d\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u5c07\u9019 10 \u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u5206\u70ba\u300c\u9ad8\u3001\u4e2d\u3001\u4f4e\u300d\u4e09\u7a2e\u6548\u7528\u7b49\u7d1a\u3002\u4f4e\u6548\u7b56\u7565 (Low Utility) \u2014\u2014 \u5b78\u751f\u6700\u611b\uff0c\u4f46\u6548\u679c\u6700\u5dee1. \u4f5c\u6458\u8981\u7b46\u8a18 (Summarization)\uff1a \u64b0\u5beb\u6458\u8981\u82e5\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8a13\u7df4\uff0c\u5b78\u751f\u5f80\u5f80\u7121\u6cd5\u7cbe\u6e96\u63d0\u7149\u91cd\u9ede\uff0c\u7522\u51fa\u5167\u5bb9\u54c1\u8cea\u4e0d\u4f73\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u5b78\u7fd2\u6548\u679c\u53d7\u9650\u30022. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede (Highlighting\/Underlining)\uff1a \u96d6\u7136\u5b78\u751f\u5e38\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\u9019\u591a\u5c6c\u65bc\u300c\u88ab\u52d5\u8655\u7406\u300d\u3002\u9664\u975e\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u80fd\u5f15\u5c0e\u5b78\u751f\u9032\u884c\u66f4\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\u6574\u5408\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u5b83\u50c5\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u8a18\u61b6\u300c\u88ab\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u7247\u6bb5\u300d\uff0c\u537b\u6703\u963b\u7919\u5c0d\u5168\u6587\u7684\u300c\u63a8\u8ad6\u7406\u89e3\u300d\u30023. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80 (Rereading)\uff1a \u9019\u662f\u6700\u666e\u904d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6548\u679c\u6975\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u3002\u55ae\u7d14\u91cd\u8907\u95b1\u8b80\u53ea\u6703\u8b93\u5b78\u751f\u7522\u751f\u300c\u719f\u6089\u611f\uff08Fluency\uff09\u300d\uff0c\u8aa4\u4ee5\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u5df2\u7d93\u5b78\u6703\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u9700\u8981\u5be6\u969b\u63d0\u53d6\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6642\u5f80\u5f80\u6703\u5931\u6548\u3002\u767d\u8a71\u6587\u89e3\u91cb1. \u4f5c\u6458\u8981\u7b46\u8a18\uff1a\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u628a\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5f9eA\u5730\u6284\u5beb\u5230B\u5730\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u6284\u5beb\u5c31\u8f38\u5165\u5230\u9577\u671f\u8a18\u61b6\u3002\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u8017\u8cbb\u6642\u9593\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6642\u9593\u4e0b\u9084\u4e0d\u5982\u76f4\u63a5\u8a18\u61b6\u77e5\u8b58\u30022. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede\uff1a\u773c\u775b\u6703\u4e0d\u7531\u81ea\u4e3b\u505c\u5728\u300c\u88ab\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u300d\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u65b7\u8a18\u61b6\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u7247\u6bb5\u300d\uff0c\u5c0d\u6574\u9ad4\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u53cd\u800c\u6709\u5bb3\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u898b\u6a39\u4e0d\u898b\u67973. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80\uff1a\u91cd\u8907\u8b80\u7d66\u4eba\u4e00\u7a2e\u81ea\u5df1\u5f88\u719f\u7684\u932f\u89ba\uff0c\u4f46\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5982\u679c\u628a\u66f8\u84cb\u8d77\u4f86\u6703\u767c\u73fe\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u771f\u7684\u8a18\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u7b49\u65bc\u767d\u767d\u6d6a\u8cbb\u6642\u9593\u91cd\u8b80\u3002 \u4e8c\u30012021 \u5e74\u7814\u7a76\uff1a\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u8a0e\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u8207\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u7684\u7121\u6548\u6027 [2]\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e86\u5b78\u751f\u5728\u7d19\u672c\u8207\u96fb\u5b50\u87a2\u5e55\u4e0a\u9032\u884c\u95b1\u8b80\u3001\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u8207\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002 \u7d50\u679c\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u95b1\u8b80\u7d19\u672c\u9084\u662f\u6578\u4f4d\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u50c5\u50c5\u4f9d\u9760\u300c\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u300d\u8207\u300c\u6284\u9304\u7b46\u8a18\u300d\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u63d0\u5347\u95b1\u8b80\u7406\u89e3\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5e6b\u52a9\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u6697\u793a\uff0c\u7576\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u7576\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u5b8c\u6210\u611f\u300d\u7684\u5100\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u300c\u6df1\u5ea6\u8655\u7406\u8cc7\u8a0a\u300d\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u6642\uff0c\u5b78\u7fd2\u6548\u679c\u6703\u986f\u8457\u4e0b\u964d\u3002 \u4e09\u30012021 \u7684\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u7814\u7a76: Gerald M. Donoghue \u548c John Hattie\uff08\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300c\u53ef\u8996\u5316\u5b78\u7fd2\u300dVisible Learning \u4e4b\u7236\uff09\u767c\u8868\u65bc\u300aFrontiers in Education\u300b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u672c\u8a08\u5283\u6db5\u84cb\u4e86 242 \u9805\u7368\u7acb\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7e3d\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u4eba\u6578\u9ad8\u9054 169,179 \u4eba\u3002[3] \u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u660e\u78ba\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\uff08Underlining\/Highlighting\uff09\u8207\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\uff08Basic Note-taking\/Summarization\uff09\u8655\u65bc\u6548\u80fd\u6392\u540d\u7684\u6700\u5e95\u5c64\u3002 \u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u6b98\u9177\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u662f\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5728\u6975\u5c11\u6578\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u6709\u300c\u4e00\u9ede\u9ede\u300d\u5e6b\u52a9\uff0c\u5176\u7d71\u8a08\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff08Effect Size\uff09\u4e5f\u4f4e\u5230\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565\u4e0d\u8a08\u3002Donoghue \u8207 Hattie \u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u8ad6\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b78\u7d0d\u70ba\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u500b\u91cd\u9ede\uff1a","inLanguage":"en-US","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/tingriley.com\/#website"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/tingriley.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/06\/ineffective-learning-methods\/#breadcrumblist"},"author":{"@id":"https:\/\/tingriley.com\/index.php\/author\/handsomepot\/#author"},"creator":{"@id":"https:\/\/tingriley.com\/index.php\/author\/handsomepot\/#author"},"datePublished":"2026-07-06T03:37:54+00:00","dateModified":"2026-07-06T13:38:20+00:00"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/tingriley.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/tingriley.com\/","name":"Tingriley","description":"teach yourself a language","inLanguage":"en-US","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/tingriley.com\/#organization"}}]},"og:locale":"en_US","og:site_name":"Tingriley - teach yourself a language","og:type":"article","og:title":"\u7121\u6548\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\u65b9\u6cd5\u2013\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u3001\u756b\u91cd\u9ede - Tingriley","og:description":"\u4e09\u5927\u4f4e\u6548\u8b80\u66f8\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f60\u4e2d\u4e86\u5e7e\u500b\u5462?1. \u4f5c\u7b46\u8a182. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede3. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80\u4e00\u8d77\u4f86\u770b\u5e7e\u500b\u7d93\u5178\u7814\u7a76\u5427 \u4e00\u30012013 \u5e74\u7d93\u5178\u7814\u7a76\uff1aDunlosky \u7684\u7d9c\u5408\u8a55\u4f30 [1]\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u5b78\u7fd2\u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u6700\u5e38\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6587\u737b\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5b83\u91dd\u5c0d\u7576\u6642\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u5341\u7a2e\u5b78\u7fd2\u65b9\u6cd5\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u56de\u9867\u3002\u8a72\u7814\u7a76\u65e8\u5728\u8a55\u4f30 10 \u7a2e\u5e38\u898b\u5b78\u7fd2\u7b56\u7565\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u300c\u901a\u7528\u6027\uff08Generalizability\uff09\u300d\u8207\u300c\u6548\u7528\uff08Utility\uff09\u300d\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u5c07\u9019 10 \u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u5206\u70ba\u300c\u9ad8\u3001\u4e2d\u3001\u4f4e\u300d\u4e09\u7a2e\u6548\u7528\u7b49\u7d1a\u3002\u4f4e\u6548\u7b56\u7565 (Low Utility) \u2014\u2014 \u5b78\u751f\u6700\u611b\uff0c\u4f46\u6548\u679c\u6700\u5dee1. \u4f5c\u6458\u8981\u7b46\u8a18 (Summarization)\uff1a \u64b0\u5beb\u6458\u8981\u82e5\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8a13\u7df4\uff0c\u5b78\u751f\u5f80\u5f80\u7121\u6cd5\u7cbe\u6e96\u63d0\u7149\u91cd\u9ede\uff0c\u7522\u51fa\u5167\u5bb9\u54c1\u8cea\u4e0d\u4f73\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u5b78\u7fd2\u6548\u679c\u53d7\u9650\u30022. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede (Highlighting\/Underlining)\uff1a \u96d6\u7136\u5b78\u751f\u5e38\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\u9019\u591a\u5c6c\u65bc\u300c\u88ab\u52d5\u8655\u7406\u300d\u3002\u9664\u975e\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u80fd\u5f15\u5c0e\u5b78\u751f\u9032\u884c\u66f4\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\u6574\u5408\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u5b83\u50c5\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u8a18\u61b6\u300c\u88ab\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u7247\u6bb5\u300d\uff0c\u537b\u6703\u963b\u7919\u5c0d\u5168\u6587\u7684\u300c\u63a8\u8ad6\u7406\u89e3\u300d\u30023. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80 (Rereading)\uff1a \u9019\u662f\u6700\u666e\u904d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6548\u679c\u6975\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u3002\u55ae\u7d14\u91cd\u8907\u95b1\u8b80\u53ea\u6703\u8b93\u5b78\u751f\u7522\u751f\u300c\u719f\u6089\u611f\uff08Fluency\uff09\u300d\uff0c\u8aa4\u4ee5\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u5df2\u7d93\u5b78\u6703\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u9700\u8981\u5be6\u969b\u63d0\u53d6\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6642\u5f80\u5f80\u6703\u5931\u6548\u3002\u767d\u8a71\u6587\u89e3\u91cb1. \u4f5c\u6458\u8981\u7b46\u8a18\uff1a\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u628a\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5f9eA\u5730\u6284\u5beb\u5230B\u5730\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u6284\u5beb\u5c31\u8f38\u5165\u5230\u9577\u671f\u8a18\u61b6\u3002\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u8017\u8cbb\u6642\u9593\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6642\u9593\u4e0b\u9084\u4e0d\u5982\u76f4\u63a5\u8a18\u61b6\u77e5\u8b58\u30022. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede\uff1a\u773c\u775b\u6703\u4e0d\u7531\u81ea\u4e3b\u505c\u5728\u300c\u88ab\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u300d\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u65b7\u8a18\u61b6\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u7247\u6bb5\u300d\uff0c\u5c0d\u6574\u9ad4\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u53cd\u800c\u6709\u5bb3\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u898b\u6a39\u4e0d\u898b\u67973. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80\uff1a\u91cd\u8907\u8b80\u7d66\u4eba\u4e00\u7a2e\u81ea\u5df1\u5f88\u719f\u7684\u932f\u89ba\uff0c\u4f46\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5982\u679c\u628a\u66f8\u84cb\u8d77\u4f86\u6703\u767c\u73fe\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u771f\u7684\u8a18\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u7b49\u65bc\u767d\u767d\u6d6a\u8cbb\u6642\u9593\u91cd\u8b80\u3002 \u4e8c\u30012021 \u5e74\u7814\u7a76\uff1a\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u8a0e\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u8207\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u7684\u7121\u6548\u6027 [2]\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e86\u5b78\u751f\u5728\u7d19\u672c\u8207\u96fb\u5b50\u87a2\u5e55\u4e0a\u9032\u884c\u95b1\u8b80\u3001\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u8207\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002 \u7d50\u679c\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u95b1\u8b80\u7d19\u672c\u9084\u662f\u6578\u4f4d\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u50c5\u50c5\u4f9d\u9760\u300c\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u300d\u8207\u300c\u6284\u9304\u7b46\u8a18\u300d\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u63d0\u5347\u95b1\u8b80\u7406\u89e3\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5e6b\u52a9\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u6697\u793a\uff0c\u7576\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u7576\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u5b8c\u6210\u611f\u300d\u7684\u5100\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u300c\u6df1\u5ea6\u8655\u7406\u8cc7\u8a0a\u300d\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u6642\uff0c\u5b78\u7fd2\u6548\u679c\u6703\u986f\u8457\u4e0b\u964d\u3002 \u4e09\u30012021 \u7684\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u7814\u7a76: Gerald M. Donoghue \u548c John Hattie\uff08\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300c\u53ef\u8996\u5316\u5b78\u7fd2\u300dVisible Learning \u4e4b\u7236\uff09\u767c\u8868\u65bc\u300aFrontiers in Education\u300b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u672c\u8a08\u5283\u6db5\u84cb\u4e86 242 \u9805\u7368\u7acb\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7e3d\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u4eba\u6578\u9ad8\u9054 169,179 \u4eba\u3002[3] \u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u660e\u78ba\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\uff08Underlining\/Highlighting\uff09\u8207\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\uff08Basic Note-taking\/Summarization\uff09\u8655\u65bc\u6548\u80fd\u6392\u540d\u7684\u6700\u5e95\u5c64\u3002 \u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u6b98\u9177\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u662f\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5728\u6975\u5c11\u6578\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u6709\u300c\u4e00\u9ede\u9ede\u300d\u5e6b\u52a9\uff0c\u5176\u7d71\u8a08\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff08Effect Size\uff09\u4e5f\u4f4e\u5230\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565\u4e0d\u8a08\u3002Donoghue \u8207 Hattie \u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u8ad6\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b78\u7d0d\u70ba\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u500b\u91cd\u9ede\uff1a","og:url":"https:\/\/tingriley.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/06\/ineffective-learning-methods\/","article:published_time":"2026-07-06T03:37:54+00:00","article:modified_time":"2026-07-06T13:38:20+00:00","twitter:card":"summary","twitter:title":"\u7121\u6548\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\u65b9\u6cd5\u2013\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u3001\u756b\u91cd\u9ede - Tingriley","twitter:description":"\u4e09\u5927\u4f4e\u6548\u8b80\u66f8\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f60\u4e2d\u4e86\u5e7e\u500b\u5462?1. \u4f5c\u7b46\u8a182. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede3. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80\u4e00\u8d77\u4f86\u770b\u5e7e\u500b\u7d93\u5178\u7814\u7a76\u5427 \u4e00\u30012013 \u5e74\u7d93\u5178\u7814\u7a76\uff1aDunlosky \u7684\u7d9c\u5408\u8a55\u4f30 [1]\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u5b78\u7fd2\u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u6700\u5e38\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6587\u737b\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5b83\u91dd\u5c0d\u7576\u6642\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u5341\u7a2e\u5b78\u7fd2\u65b9\u6cd5\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u56de\u9867\u3002\u8a72\u7814\u7a76\u65e8\u5728\u8a55\u4f30 10 \u7a2e\u5e38\u898b\u5b78\u7fd2\u7b56\u7565\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u300c\u901a\u7528\u6027\uff08Generalizability\uff09\u300d\u8207\u300c\u6548\u7528\uff08Utility\uff09\u300d\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u5c07\u9019 10 \u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u5206\u70ba\u300c\u9ad8\u3001\u4e2d\u3001\u4f4e\u300d\u4e09\u7a2e\u6548\u7528\u7b49\u7d1a\u3002\u4f4e\u6548\u7b56\u7565 (Low Utility) \u2014\u2014 \u5b78\u751f\u6700\u611b\uff0c\u4f46\u6548\u679c\u6700\u5dee1. \u4f5c\u6458\u8981\u7b46\u8a18 (Summarization)\uff1a \u64b0\u5beb\u6458\u8981\u82e5\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8a13\u7df4\uff0c\u5b78\u751f\u5f80\u5f80\u7121\u6cd5\u7cbe\u6e96\u63d0\u7149\u91cd\u9ede\uff0c\u7522\u51fa\u5167\u5bb9\u54c1\u8cea\u4e0d\u4f73\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u5b78\u7fd2\u6548\u679c\u53d7\u9650\u30022. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede (Highlighting\/Underlining)\uff1a \u96d6\u7136\u5b78\u751f\u5e38\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\u9019\u591a\u5c6c\u65bc\u300c\u88ab\u52d5\u8655\u7406\u300d\u3002\u9664\u975e\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u80fd\u5f15\u5c0e\u5b78\u751f\u9032\u884c\u66f4\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\u6574\u5408\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u5b83\u50c5\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u8a18\u61b6\u300c\u88ab\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u7247\u6bb5\u300d\uff0c\u537b\u6703\u963b\u7919\u5c0d\u5168\u6587\u7684\u300c\u63a8\u8ad6\u7406\u89e3\u300d\u30023. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80 (Rereading)\uff1a \u9019\u662f\u6700\u666e\u904d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6548\u679c\u6975\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u3002\u55ae\u7d14\u91cd\u8907\u95b1\u8b80\u53ea\u6703\u8b93\u5b78\u751f\u7522\u751f\u300c\u719f\u6089\u611f\uff08Fluency\uff09\u300d\uff0c\u8aa4\u4ee5\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u5df2\u7d93\u5b78\u6703\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u9700\u8981\u5be6\u969b\u63d0\u53d6\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6642\u5f80\u5f80\u6703\u5931\u6548\u3002\u767d\u8a71\u6587\u89e3\u91cb1. \u4f5c\u6458\u8981\u7b46\u8a18\uff1a\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u628a\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5f9eA\u5730\u6284\u5beb\u5230B\u5730\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u6284\u5beb\u5c31\u8f38\u5165\u5230\u9577\u671f\u8a18\u61b6\u3002\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u8017\u8cbb\u6642\u9593\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6642\u9593\u4e0b\u9084\u4e0d\u5982\u76f4\u63a5\u8a18\u61b6\u77e5\u8b58\u30022. \u756b\u91cd\u9ede\uff1a\u773c\u775b\u6703\u4e0d\u7531\u81ea\u4e3b\u505c\u5728\u300c\u88ab\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u300d\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u65b7\u8a18\u61b6\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u7247\u6bb5\u300d\uff0c\u5c0d\u6574\u9ad4\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u53cd\u800c\u6709\u5bb3\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u898b\u6a39\u4e0d\u898b\u67973. \u91cd\u8907\u8b80\uff1a\u91cd\u8907\u8b80\u7d66\u4eba\u4e00\u7a2e\u81ea\u5df1\u5f88\u719f\u7684\u932f\u89ba\uff0c\u4f46\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5982\u679c\u628a\u66f8\u84cb\u8d77\u4f86\u6703\u767c\u73fe\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u771f\u7684\u8a18\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u7b49\u65bc\u767d\u767d\u6d6a\u8cbb\u6642\u9593\u91cd\u8b80\u3002 \u4e8c\u30012021 \u5e74\u7814\u7a76\uff1a\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u8a0e\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u8207\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u7684\u7121\u6548\u6027 [2]\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e86\u5b78\u751f\u5728\u7d19\u672c\u8207\u96fb\u5b50\u87a2\u5e55\u4e0a\u9032\u884c\u95b1\u8b80\u3001\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u8207\u4f5c\u7b46\u8a18\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002 \u7d50\u679c\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u95b1\u8b80\u7d19\u672c\u9084\u662f\u6578\u4f4d\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u50c5\u50c5\u4f9d\u9760\u300c\u756b\u91cd\u9ede\u300d\u8207\u300c\u6284\u9304\u7b46\u8a18\u300d\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u63d0\u5347\u95b1\u8b80\u7406\u89e3\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5e6b\u52a9\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u6697\u793a\uff0c\u7576\u5b78\u7fd2\u8005\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u7576\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u5b8c\u6210\u611f\u300d\u7684\u5100\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u300c\u6df1\u5ea6\u8655\u7406\u8cc7\u8a0a\u300d\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u6642\uff0c\u5b78\u7fd2\u6548\u679c\u6703\u986f\u8457\u4e0b\u964d\u3002 \u4e09\u30012021 \u7684\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u7814\u7a76: Gerald M. 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